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White paper on crime 2007 - The Circumstances and Attributes of Repeat Offenders and Countermeasures to Recidivism - PREFACE NOTES Part 1 Crime Trends in 2006 Chapter 1 Overview of Penal Code Offenses     Section 1 Principal Data         1 Reported cases and crime rate         2 Persons cleared         3 Clearance rate     Section 2 Trend in Non-traffic Penal Code Offenses Excluding Theft         1 Overview         2 Homicide         3 Robbery         4 Fraud, etc.         5 Rape and forcible indecency         6 Damage to property         7 Giving and acceptance of bribes, etc.         8 Organized crime     Section 3 Theft Chapter 2 Overview of Special Act Offenses     Section 1 Principal Data     Section 2 Principal Special Act Offenses         1 Violations of the Minor Offenses Act, etc.         2 Violations of the Child Welfare Act, etc.         3 Violations of the Stalker Control Act, etc.         4 Violations of the Public Offices Election Act     Section 3 Offenses Related to Newly Established Acts Chapter 3 Overview of Offenses of Various Types     Section 1 Traffic Offenses         1 Trends in traffic offenses         2 Disposition by public prosecutors offices         3 Disposition by courts         4 Recent legislations     Section 2 Financial and Economic Offenses         1 Tax evasion         2 Economic offenses         3 Financial offenses         4 Intellectual property-related offenses         5 Bankruptcy-related offenses         6 Newly established act-related offenses     Section 3 High-Technology Offenses         1 Trends in high-technology offenses         2 Disposition by public prosecutors offices Chapter 4 Comparison of Crime Trends with Other Countries     Section 1 Major Offenses     Section 2 Homicide     Section 3 Theft Chapter 5 Offenses Committed by and against Japanese Nationals Outside Japan     Section 1 Offenses Committed by Japanese Nationals Outside Japan     Section 2 Crime Victimization of Japanese Nationals Outside Japan Part 2 Treatment of Offenders Chapter 1 Overview Chapter 2 Prosecution     Section 1 Reception of Suspected Cases     Section 2 Arrest and Detention of Suspects     Section 3 Dispositions by Public Prosecutors Offices Chapter 3 Trial     Section 1 Judgments         1 Defendants with a final judgement         2 The first instance         3 Appeals     Section 2 Sentencing         1 Death penalty and life imprisonment with work         2 Imprisonment with or without work for a definite term         3 Fines     Section 3 Detention and Bail Chapter 4 Correction of Adult Offenders     Section 1 Imprisonment in Penal Institutions         1 Rate of imprisonment of penal institutions         2 Number of inmates of penal institutions         3 Trend in number of newly admitted sentenced inmates         4 Characteristics of newly admitted sentenced inmates     Section 2 Treatment of Sentenced Inmates, etc.         1 Overview of treatment         2 Work         3 Correctional guidance         4 Medical care and hygiene, etc.         5 Maintenance of discipline and order         6 Grievance systems         7 Cooperation from outside volunteers         8 Penal Institution Visiting Committee         9 Fine defaulters in workhouses     Section 3 Treatment of Unsentenced Inmates, etc.     Section 4 Improvements in the Treatment of Inmates at Penal Institutions         1 Enforcement of Penal and Detention Facilities Act         2 Countermeasures to overcrowding         3 New treatment systems of inmates Chapter 5 Rehabilitation Services     Section 1 Parole         1 Number of parole applications         2 Number of parolees         3 Percent distribution of served sentence terms before parole         4 Parole of life imprisonment inmates     Section 2 Probation / Parole Supervision         1 Probationers / parolees under supervision         2 Treatment of probationers / parolees         3 Measures for probationers / parolees         4 Termination of probation / parole supervision     Section 3 Assistance during Supervision and Urgent Aftercare of Discharged Offenders         1 Assistance during supervision and urgent aftercare of discharged offenders         2 Halfway houses     Section 4 Pardons     Section 5 Nongovernmental Support Organizations and Crime Prevention Activities         1 Nongovernmental support organizations         2 Crime prevention activities     Section 6 Promotion on the Rehabilitation System Reform         1 Developments leading to the reform         2 Major contents of the reform Chapter 6 International Cooperation in Criminal Justice     Section 1 Trends in International Efforts in Criminal Justice         1 Measures against transnational organized crimes         2 Measures against terrorism and money laundering         3 Measures against drug-related offenses         4 Measures against crimes involving women and children         5 Measures against bribery and corruption         6 Measures against cybercrime         7 Transfer of sentenced persons         8 The International Criminal Court     Section 2 Transnational Fugitives and Their Extradition         1 Transnational fugitives from Japan         2 Extradition of fugitive offenders     Section 3 International Assistance in Investigation and Justice         1 Assistance in investigation, etc.         2 Judicial assistance Part 3 Trends in Offenses by Specific Offenders and Their Treatment Chapter 1 Foreign National Offenders     Section 1 Trends of Foreign Nationals Entering Japan         1 Newly entering foreign nationals         2 Foreign nationals who are illegally overstaying         3 Deportation     Section 2 Trends in Crimes         1 Penal code offenses         2 Special act offenses     Section 3 Treatment         1 Disposition by public prosecutors offices         2 Disposition by courts         3 Correction         4 Probation and parole supervision Chapter 2 Offenders related to Boryokudan (Organized Crime Groups)     Section 1 Trends in Boryokudan Members     Section 2 Trends in Crimes         1 Penal code offenses and special act offenses         2 Firearm offenses     Section 3 Treatment         1 Dispositions by public prosecutors offices         2 Correction         3 Probation / parole supervision Chapter 3 Drug Offenders     Section 1 Trends in Crimes         1 Stimulants Control Act violations         2 Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act violations, etc.         3 Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Act violations     Section 2 Crackdown         1 Seizure of stimulants, etc.         2 Implementation of the Act on Special Provisions for Narcotics     Section 3 Treatment         1 Disposition by public prosecutors offices         2 Disposition by courts         3 Correction         4 Probation / parole supervision Chapter 4 Offenders with Mental Disorder     Section 1 Trends in Crimes     Section 2 Status of Criminal Proceedings         1 Disposition by public prosecutors offices and courts         2 Correction         3 Probation / parole supervision     Section 3 The Medical Supervision of Mentally Disordered Offenders Act         1 Hearings pertaining to public prosecutor's application         2 Medical care by hospitalization         3 Hearings pertaining to discharge or continuation of hospitalization         4 Treatment in local communities Part 4 Trends in Juvenile Delinquency and Treatment of Juvenile Delinquents Chapter 1 Trends in Juvenile Delinquency         1 Juvenile delinquency         2 Juvenile delinquents     Section 1 Juvenile Penal Code Offenders         1 Number of juveniles cleared         2 Trends by attribute         3 Trends by type of offense         4 Complicity cases     Section 2 Juvenile Special Act Offenders         1 Number of juveniles referred by the police         2 Drug offenses         3 Traffic offenses     Section 3 Juveniles of Illegal Behavior under 14 Years of Age     Section 4 Pre-delinquents     Section 5 Delinquency at Home and School         1 Domestic violence         2 Violence in schools         3 Bullying and delinquency Chapter 2 Treatment of Juvenile Delinquents     Section 1 Overview         1 Flow of procedures until referred to a family court         2 Flow of procedure at family court         3 Flow of treatment procedure pertaining to protective measures         4 Flow of treatment procedure pertaining to criminal disposition     Section 2 Disposition of Juvenile Cases by Public Prosecutors Offices and Courts         1 Disposition by public prosecutors offices         2 Juvenile hearing         3 Criminal trial     Section 3 Classification at Juvenile Classification Homes         1 Admission and discharge         2 Classification of activities     Section 4 Treatment of Delinquents in Juvenile Training Schools         1 Juveniles newly admitted to juvenile training schools         2 Treatment of juveniles in juvenile training schools         3 Juveniles who are discharged     Section 5 Treatment of Juvenile Prisoners         1 Number and characteristics of juvenile prisoners         2 Outline of treatment of juvenile prisoners     Section 6 Probation/Parole Supervision of Juveniles         1 Juvenile probationers/juvenile training school parolees         2 Treatment of juvenile probationers and juvenile training school parolees         3 Termination of probationary supervision for juveniles     Section 7 Trends and Treatment of Foreign National Juvenile Delinquents         1 Trends in foreign national juvenile offenders         2 Treatment of foreign national juvenile delinquents     Section 8 The Act for Partial Amendment to the Juvenile Act, etc. Part 5 Crime Victims Chapter 1 Statistics on the Damage Caused by Crime     Section 1 Number of Offenses Involving Human Victims     Section 2 Fatal and Bodily Damage     Section 3 Property Damage     Section 4 Damage Caused by Sexual Offenses     Section 5 Relationship between the Victims and Suspects     Section 6 Juvenile Crime Victims         1 Damage by penal code offenses         2 Child abuse Chapter 2 Consideration for Victims in Criminal Justice     Section 1 Involvement of Victims in Criminal Proceedings         1 Grievance system against non-prosecution         2 Victim protection, etc. in the steps of formal trials         3 System of notification to complainants and victims         4 Enhancement of consideration for victims in juvenile cases         5 Advisers to victims         6 Crime victim support services by Houterasu     Section 2 Compensation for Crime Victims, etc.         1 Crime victim benefits system         2 Benefits for recovery from damage         3 Automobile liability insurance systems     Section 3 The Act for Partial Amendment to the Code of Criminal Procedure, etc. for the Protection of Rights and Benefits of Crime Victims, etc. Part 6 Promotion of the Judicial System Reform     Section 1 Pre-trial Arrangement Procedure     Section 2 Speedy Trial Procedure     Section 3 Development of the Court-appointed Defense Counsel System     Section 4 Enforcement of the Comprehensive Legal Aid Services Act     Section 5 Amendment of the Act on the Committees for the Inquest of Prosecution     Section 6 Saiban-in System Part 7 The Circumstances and Attributes of Repeat Offenders and Countermeasures to Recidivism Chapter 1 Introduction         1 Necessity and importance of research on recidivism         2 Summary of the research contained in the White Papers on Crime of 1978 and 1988         3 Structure of Part 7 Chapter 2 Actual Figures on Repeat Offenders over Recent Years     Section 1 Clearance         1 Repeat offenders among persons cleared for non-traffic penal code offenses         2 Previously convicted persons among adults cleared for non-traffic penal code offenses     Section 2 Prosecution and Trial         1 Previously convicted persons among prosecuted persons         2 Revocation of suspension of execution of sentence     Section 3 Correction     Section 4 Probation and Parole Chapter 3 Actual Circumstances and Attributes of Repeat Offenders and Countermeasures to Recidivism Based upon Criminal Records and Statistical Data     Section 1 Introduction         1 Research overview         2 Overview of Post War Criminal Trends     Section 2 Importance of Countermeasures against Repeat Offenders     Section 3 Trends in Repeat Offenses over Recent Years     Section 4 The Circumstances and Characteristics of Repeat Offenders         1 Offense         2 Age         3 Sentencing         4 Attributes         5 Sexual offenses     Section 5 Parole         1 The average period of parole by type of offense         2 The parole revocation rate by type of offense         3 The recidivism situation after the release of first-time inmates         4 The parolees' employment status at the time of termination of supervision by type of offense Chapter 4 Special Research : The Actual Conditions of Repeat Offenders of Homicide     Section 1 Introduction         1 Overview of special research         2 Subjects of the special research         3 Cases of repeat offenses of homicide     Section 2 Actual Conditions of Repeat Homicide Offenders         1 Type of offense, sentence term, etc.         2 Motives or causes         3 Relationship with victim         4 Accomplice         5 Modus operandi         6 Criminal records         7 Number of imprisonment, term of recidivism, etc.         8 Family and employment status         9 Violations of rules and regulations     Section 3 Summary Chapter 5 Current Recidivism Prevention Practices     Section 1 Prosecution and Trial         1 Ensuring the appropriate sentencing         2 Recent legislations         3 Recent trends in sentencing     Section 2 Correction         1 Job assistance service at correctional facilities         2 Training of inmates at correctional institutions         3 Preventive training at penal institutions against repeat sexual offenses         4 Provision of information in regard to the release, etc. of inmates     Section 3 Rehabilitation Services         1 Overview         2 Main measures for improving and strengthening the probation/parole supervision program     Section 4 Comprehensive Crime Prevention Measures Provided in Multi-agencies Approach         1 Need for cooperation among various agencies         2 Cooperation among criminal justice agencies         3 Cooperation between criminal justice agencies and other government agencies         4 Cooperation between criminal justice agencies and private organizations/individuals     Section 5 Measures of Recidivism Prevention in Other Countries         1 France         2 Germany         3 The United Kingdom         4 Canada         5 The United States of America Chapter 6 Conclusion         1 The importance of recidivism prevention in the current Japanese context         2 Repeat Offenders and Effective Recidivism Prevention Measures         3 Conclusion Appendix Appendix 1-1  Number of reported cases, crime rate, number of cleared cases, clearance rate, and number of persons cleared for penal code offenses (1946-2006) Appendix 1-2  Number of reported cases, number of cleared cases, and number of persons cleared for penal code offenses, by type of major offenses (1997-2006) Appendix 1-3  Clearance rate of penal code offenses, by type of major offense (1997-2006) Appendix 1-4  Number of persons newly received by public prosecutors offices for special act offenses (1997-2006) Appendix 1-5  Number of traffic accidents, number of persons killed or injured, and rate of accidents (1946-2006) Appendix 1-6  Term of imprisonment with work in the court of first instance for financial and economic offenses (2004-2006) Appendix 1-7  Number of reported cases and crime rate of major offenses in 5 countries (1980-2005) Appendix 1-8  Number of reported cases and crime rate of homicide and theft in 5 countries (1988-2005) Appendix 1-9  Clearance rate of major offenses, homicide and theft in 5 countries (1988-2005) Appendix 2-1  Number of persons newly received by public prosecutors officses, by type of offense (2002-2006) Appendix 2-2  Number of persons finally disposed by public prosecutors offices, by type of offense (1997-2006) Appendix 2-3  Prosecution and suspended prosecution rate by type of offense (2001-2006) Appendix 2-4  Sentences in district courts, by type of offense (2006) Appendix 2-5  Average daily number of inmates of penal institutions (1950-2006) Appendix 2-6  Number of newly admitted inmates, by sex and type of offense (2006) Appendix 2-7  Number of re-imprisoned inmates, by sex and type of offense (2006) Appendix 2-8  Frequency of imprisonment of newly imprisoned offenders, by type of offense (2006) Appendix 2-9  Period of time until repeat offense by reimprisoned inmates, by type of previous offense (2006) Appendix 2-10  Number of inmates serving sentence of imprisonment with work at the end of the year, by term of imprisonment (as of December 31 each year in 1957-2006) Appendix 2-11  Numbers of parole applications, grants and rejections (1949-2006) Appendix 2-12  Number of newly received probationers and parolees (1949-2006) Appendix 3-1  Number of cleared cases and persons cleared for non-traffic penal code offenses committed by foreign nationals (1980-2006) Appendix 3-2  Number of referred cases and number of persons referred for special act offenses committed by foreign nationals (1980-2006) Appendix 3-3  Number of foreign nationals finally disposed by public prosecutors offices (1990-2006) Appendix 3-4  Newly admitted Class F inmates by nationality and region (2004-2006) Appendix 3-5  Number of newly received foreign probationers and parolees by nationality, etc. (2004-2006) Appendix 3-6  Number of persons finally disposed by public prosecutors offices for drug offenses (1997-2006) Appendix 4-1  Number and rate per population of juveniles and adults cleared for penal code offenses, and juvenile rate (1946-2006) Appendix 4-2  Number and rate per population of juveniles cleared for non-traffic penal code offenses, by age group (1966-2006) Appendix 4-3  Number of juveniles cleared for non-traffic penal code offenses, by sex, age group, and by type of offense (2006) Appendix4-4  Number of juveniles cleared for penal code offenses, by type of major offense (1946-2006) Appendix 4-5  Number of juveniles referred from police to public prosecutors office for special act offenses,by type of offense (1956-2006) Appendix 4-6  Number of juveniles of illegal bahavior guided for non-traffic penal code offenses, by major delinquency (1946-2006) Appendix 4-7  Number of pre-delinquents finally disposed by family courts, by type of pre-delinquency (1969-2006) Appendix 4-8  Number of juvenile offenders aged 14-19 newly received by public prosecutors offices, by type of major offense and age group (2001-2006) Appendix 4-9  Percent ratio of opinions by public prosecutors and final dispositions by family courts, by age group of juvenile offenders (2006) Appendix 4-10  Number of juveniles finally disposed by family courts for juvenile cases (1975, 1985, 2002-2006) Appendix 4-11  Number of newly admitted persons and average daily number of inmates in juvenile classification homes (1949-2006) Appendix 4-12  Number of juveniles newly admitted to juvenile training schools, by sex and by treatment programs (1949-2006) Appendix 4-13  Number of juveniles newly admitted to juvenile training schools, by type of delinquency (2000-2006)