(1) Recent crime prevention policies
  In the United Kingdom, after the number of reported cases constantly increased throughout the 1980s, a white paper “Protection of the Public - the Government's Strategy Concerning Offenses in England and Wales”, which declared, “the first duty of the government is to protect the people through the maintenance of law and order,” was submitted to Parliament in March 1996. Ever since, a series of severer measures against crimes have been implemented and maintained through 2000s.

(2) Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements
  Based on the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000, Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) was established. The MAPPA is a government agency and mechanism where the local police and probation services and penal institutions of the forty two districts in England and Wales are in charge of treating offenders in society and are the Responsible Authority for persons who committed serious violent offenses or sexual offenses and takes various measures to protect society from the danger of repeat offenses by such persons. Concretely, offenders are divided into three levels based on the risk of recidivism, and different levels of supervision and assistance are provided accordingly by the Responsible Authority in cooperation with public and private agencies and organizations regarding employment, education, social security, health/medical care, residence. Through the Criminal Justice Act of 2003, the penal institution was added to the Responsible Authority, thus enabling to appropriately prepare for the supervision and support of inmates after their release, in close cooperation amongst the penal institution, police, and probation service, even before the their release.

(3) Severer punishments through new legislation
  Based on the Crime (Sentences) Act of 1997, a system was introduced where, if a person previously convicted for a serious offense, such as homicide/rape, commits a similar offense again, he/she shall be sentenced to life imprisonment in principle. Also, if a person previously convicted twice for illegal drug trafficking commits a similar offense again, he/she shall be sentenced to imprisonment of seven years or more.
  Also, based on the Criminal Justice Act of 2003, a system was introduced where persons who committed certain violent or sexual offenses and are evaluated to be a serious harm to public by repeating similar offenses, life imprisonment or imprisonment for public protection (a kind of absolute indeterminate sentence) shall be sentenced.
  Also, in conjunction to this, a system was introduced, based upon the same act, where the courts may place the offenders who have committed certain violent or sexual offenses and are evaluated as a serious harm to the public by repeating similar offenses under supervision even after completing their sentence term and released into society.

(4) Strengthened supervisory treatment system
  Through the Criminal Justice Act of 2003, various traditionally used orders including a probation order were integrated into “Community Order” with 12 kinds of “requirements” and strengthened. For example, a social services order in the past became a Community Order with a requirement for volunteer work of social services, with the upper limit of the work hours raised from 240 hours to 300 hours.