White paper on crime 2003(Index)

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White paper on crime 2003

Changing Nature of Heinous Crimes and Countermeasures against Them

PREFACE

NOTES

Part 1 Crime Trends in 2002

Chapter 1

Overview of Crimes

Section 1

Overview of Penal Code Offenses

Outline

2	Trends in general penal code offenses excluding larceny

3	Trends in larceny

4	Trends in noteworthy penal code offenses

Section 2

Overview of Special Law Offenses

Outline

2	Trends in special law offenses

Section 3

Traffic Offenses

1	Trends in traffic offenses

2	Treatment of traffic offenders

Section 4

Drug Offenses

1	Trends in drug offenses

2	Crackdown status of drug offenses

3	Treatment of drug offenders

Section 5

Financial and Economic Offenses

1	Tax evasion offenses

2	Economic offenses

3	Other economic offenses

Section 6

Election-Related Offenses

1	Trends in offenses related to elections

2	Trends in the application of the regulation holding a candidate jointly responsible

Section 7

High-Technology Related Offenses

1	Overview of high-technology related offenses

2	Measures against high-technology related offenses

Section 8

Firearm Offenses

1	Trends in firearm offenses

2	Disposition by public prosecutors offices and courts on Firearms and Swords Control Law violations

Chapter 2

Trends in Offenses by Specific Offenders

Section 1

Offenses by Organized Crime Groups

1	Trends in organized crime groups

2	Trends in offenses by organized crime groups

3	Treatment of organized crime group members

Section 2

Offenses by Foreign Nationals

1	Trends of foreign nationals entering Japan

2	Trends in crimes by foreign nationals

3	Treatment of foreign offenders (received by public prosecutors offices)

4	Treatment of foreign offenders (disposition by courts)

5	Correction and rehabilitation of foreign offenders

Section 3

Offenses by Public Officials

Overview

2	Bribery and graft

Others

Section 4

Offenses by Females

1	Penal code offenses committed by females

2	Special law offenses committed by females

3	Treatment of female offenders

Section 5

Offenses by Mentally Disabled Persons

1	Trends in offenses committed by mentally disabled persons, etc.

2	Type of offense committed by insane persons or quasi-insane persons and type of mental disability they suffered

3	The mentally disabled in correctional institutions

Chapter 3

Offenses Committed by Offenders with Criminal Histories

Section 1

Offenses Committed by Adults Who Have Criminal Histories

Section 2

Offenses Committed by Juvenile Offenders with Criminal Histories

Chapter 4

Comparison with Crime Trends in Other Countries

Section 1

Major Offenses

Section 2

Homicide

Section 3

Larceny

Chapter 5

Offenses Committed by and against Japanese Nationals Overseas

Section 1

Overseas Travel and Overseas Residence by Japanese Nationals

Section 2

Offenses Committed by Japanese Nationals Overseas

Section 3

Offenses Committed against Japanese Nationals Overseas

Part 2 Treatment of Offenders

Chapter 1

Overview of Treatment

Chapter 2

Prosecution

Section 1

Overview

Section 2

Reception of Suspected Cases

Section 3

Arrest and Detention of Suspects

Section 4

Disposition of Suspected Cases

Chapter 3

Trial

Section 1

Overview

Section 2

Judgments

1	Defendants finally judged by trial

2	The first instance

Appeals

Section 3

Sentencing

1	Death penalty

2	Imprisonment with labor for life

3	Imprisonment with or without labor for a limited term

Fines

5	Suspended sentence etc.

Section 4

Detention and Bail

Section 5

Criminal Compensation

Section 6

State of Trials and Sentencing in Cases Involving Aum Shinrikyo Cult Members

Chapter 4

Correction of Adult Offenders

Section 1

Overview

Section 2

Imprisonment in Penal Institutions

1	Trends in the average daily number of inmates etc.

2	Trends in the number of newly imprisoned offenders

3	Characteristics of newly imprisoned offenders

4	Reimprisonment

Section 3

Treatment of Inmates

1	Basic systems for treatment

2	Prison work

3	Educational activities

4	Medical treatment and hygiene, etc.

Security

6	Grievance systems

7	Cooperation from the nongovernmental sector

Section 4

Treatment of Inmates Awaiting Trial

Section 5

Treatment in Women's Guidance Homes

Chapter 5

Rehabilitation Services

Section 1

Overview

1	Organizations for rehabilitation services

2	Volunteer probation officers and their organizations

3	Juridical persons for offenders rehabilitation services

4	Nongovernmental support organizations

Section 2

Parole

1	Overview of parole

2	Administration of parole

3	Other treatment measures

Section 3

Parole and Probationary Supervision

Overview

2	State of probationary supervision

3	Various treatment measures

4	Treatment during probationary supervision

5	Results of probationary supervision

Section 4

Assistance during Supervision, Urgent Aftercare of Discharged Offenders, and Halfway Houses

1	Assistance during supervision, and urgent aftercare of discharged offenders

2	Halfway houses

Section 5

Amnesties

Section 6

Crime Prevention Activities

Chapter 6

International Cooperation in Criminal Justice

Section 1

Trends in International Efforts in Criminal Justice

1	United Nations

2	Summit meetings of leading countries

3	Other international conferences

Section 2

Transnational Fugitives and Their Extradition

1	Transnational fugitives from Japan

2	Extradition of fugitive offenders

Section 3

International Assistance in Investigation and Judicial Assistance

1	Assistance in investigation etc.

2	Judicial assistance

Part 3 Relief of Crime Victims

Chapter 1

Damage Due to Crime as Shown by Statistics

Section 1

Number of Victims

Section 2

Fatal and Bodily Damage

Section 3

Property Damage

Section 4

Victims of Sexual Offenses

Section 5

Relationship Between Victims and Suspects

Chapter 2

Consideration for Victims in Criminal Justice

Section 1

Criminal Proceedings and Victims

1	Criminal proceedings and victims

Section 2

Benefit Payment Systems for Crime Victims, Etc.

1	Benefit payment systems for crime victims etc.

2	Automobile liability insurance systems

3	Law Concerning Compensation for Damage to Witnesses etc.

Part 4 Trends in Juvenile Delinquency and Treatment of Juvenile Delinquents

Chapter 1

Trends in and Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquency

Section 1

Trends in Juvenile Penal Code Offenses

1	Trends in the number of juveniles cleared

2	Trends by age group and gender

3	Trends by type of offense

Section 2

Trends in Juvenile Special Law Offenses

1	Trends in the number of juveniles referred by the police

2	Drug-related offenses

3	Traffic offenses

Section 3

Trends in Status Offenses

Section 4

Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquency

1	Group delinquency

2	Educational and employment situation of delinquents

3	Family violence

4	School violence

5	Bullying and delinquency

6	Trends in the delinquent rate

Chapter 2

Treatment of Delinquents

Section 1

Overview of Treatment

Section 2

Prosecution and Trial of Juvenile Cases

1	Prosecution of juvenile cases

2	Juvenile hearing

3	Criminal trial of juveniles

Section 3

Classification at Juvenile Classification Homes

Overview

2	Admission and discharge

3	Classification activities

Section 4

Treatment at Juvenile Training Schools

Overview

2	Admission and discharge

3	Characteristics of newly admitted juveniles

4	Treatment in juvenile training schools

Section 5

Treatment of Juvenile Prisoners

Overview

2	State of imprisonment and characteristics of juvenile prisoners

3	Outline of treatment of juvenile prisoners

Section 6

Rehabilitation Services for Juveniles

Overview

2	Trends in probationary supervision cases

3	Characteristics of juveniles on probationary supervision

4	Various treatment systems

5	Treatment during probationary supervision

6	Result of probationary supervision

Part 5 Special Article: Changing Nature of Heinous Offenses and Countermeasures against Them

Chapter 1

Introduction

1	Deteriorating circumstances of crimes and people's fear

2	Focus of the special article of the 2003 White Paper

3	Composition of Part 5

Chapter 2

Overview of Recent Heinous Offenses

Section 1

Trends in Number of Reported Cases, Number of Cleared Cases, and Number of Persons Cleared

Section 2

Trends in Heinous Offenses from the Perspective of Victims

1	Number and rate of victims killed or injured

2	Acquaintance between suspected perpetrator and victim

Section 3

Trends in Robbery from the Perspective of the Scene, Modus Operandi, and Time Zone of the Offense

1	Trends in Robbery from the perspective of the scene and modus operandi of the offense

2	Trends in Robbery from the perspective of the time zone of the offense

Section 4

Trends in Robbery from the Perspective of the Previous Convictions/Criminal Histories of the Offenders

Chapter 3

Changes in the Nature of Heinous Offenses (Characteristics of Changes)

Section 1

Five Key Concepts to Comprehend Changes

Section 2

Changes in Young Offenders

1	Trends by age group (increase in young offenders who have committed robbery)

2	Characteristics of juvenile heinous offenders, by modus operandi -Compared with adult offenders-

3	Characteristics of motives of juvenile robbery offenders -difference from those of adult robbery offenders-

4	Characteristics of juvenile offenders of heinous offenses, by educational/employment situation

5	Background factors behind the increase in heinous offenses committed by juveniles

Section 3

Changes in Offenders Related to Organized Crime Groups and Foreign National Offenders

1	Changes in Offenders Related to Organized Crime Groups

2	Changes in foreign national offenders

Section 4

Social Background and Its Influence

1	Increase in the number of heinous offenders out of employment

2	Changes in motives of robbery

3	Social background

Section 5

Changes in Regions Where Crimes Arise

1	Overall trends

2	Regional trends in juvenile robbery offenders-Compared with adult robbery offenders-

3	Regional trends in foreign heinous offenders

Section 6

Increasing Damage to Females, Minors, and Elderly People

1	Recent trends in victims, by gender and age

2	Changes in victims, by gender and age group

3	Changes in victims, by educational/employment situation

4	Trends in victimization of elderly people at home

5	Trends in victimization of elderly people, by household composition

6	Social backgrounds of attacks against elderly people

Chapter 4

Special Survey: Actual Conditions and Problems of Recent Juvenile Robbery Offenders

Section 1

Overview of the Special Survey

Section 2

Actual Conditions of Recent Juvenile Robbery offenders

1	Analysis of the increase in the number of perpetrators per case and escalation of violence in robbery cases

2	Analysis of motives/concepts of modus operandi

3	Personal relationship and environment

4	Analysis of characteristics of predispositions

Section 3

Problems of Recent Juvenile Robbery Offenders

1	Summary of the problems

2	Intermediate conclusion

Chapter 5

Special Survey-Trends in Serious Heinous Offenses in Recent Years

Section 1

Purpose and method of the special survey

Section 2

Results of the special survey

1	Analysis based on perpetrators' profile

2	Analysis on motives/background factors

3	Analysis on modes of the offense

4	Wide expansion of crimes

5	Analysis of victims

6	Attitude of defendants at trials and feelings of victims

Chapter 6

Actual Circumstances of Criminal Disposition and Treatment of Offenders in Heinous Offenses

Section 1

Prosecution and Trial

1	Disposition by public prosecutors offices

2	Sentencing in trial and protective measures, etc.

Section 2

Treatment in Correctional Institutions

1	Treatment in penal institutions

2	Treatment in juvenile training schools

Section 3

Rehabilitation Services

Parole

2	Probationary supervision

Section 4

Actual Status of Treatment for Juvenile Robbery Offenders in Juvenile Training Schools and on Probationary Supervision

1	Treatment in juvenile training schools

2	Probationary supervision

Chapter 7

Conclusion

Section 1

Characteristics of Heinous Offenses with Changing Nature and Background Factors Thereof

1	Increase in street robbery cases committed by juveniles

2	Increase in indoor robbery cases committed by adults

3	Increase in robbery cases committed by organized crime group members and those committed by visiting foreign nationals

4	Signs of concentration to metropolitan areas and expansion to neighboring areas

5	Increase in the number of victims and the extent of damage

Section 2

Countermeasures and Challenges

1	Countermeasures and challenges regarding crime prevention

2	Countermeasures and challenges regarding clearance and investigation

3	Countermeasures and challenges regarding punishments

4	Countermeasures and challenges regarding the treatment at correctional institutions and probation offices

5	Countermeasures and challenges regarding issues other than those related to criminal justice

Section 3

Closing -Aiming for Pleasant Society Free From Heinous Offenses-

Appendix

Appendix 1-1 Number of reported cases, number of cleared cases, and number of persons cleared for penal code offenses (1946-2002)

Appendix 1-2 Number of reported cases, number of cleared cases, and number of persons cleared for penal code offenses, by type of major offense (1993-2002)

Appendix 1-3 Clearance rate of penal code offenses, by type of major offense (1993-2002)

Appendix 1-4 Number of persons newly received by public prosecutors offices for special law offenses (1993-2002)

Appendix 1-5 Number of traffic accidents, number of persons killed or injured, and rate of accidents (1946-2002)

Appendix 1-6 Number of persons finally disposed by public prosecutors offices for drug-related offenses (1993-2002)

Appendix 1-7 Term of imprisonment with labor sentenced for financial and economic offenses in the ordinary first instance (1998-2002)

Appendix 1-8 Number of cleared cases and persons cleared for general penal code offenses committed by foreign nationals (1980-2002)

Appendix 1-9 Number of referred cases and number of persons referred for special law offenses committed by foreign nationals (1980-2002)

Appendix 1-10 Number of foreign nationals finally disposed by public prosecutors offices (1990-2002)

Appendix 1-11 Treatment after commission of offense, of insane persons and quasi-insane persons, by type of offense (2002)

Appendix 1-12 Number of insane persons and quasi-insane persons, by type of offense and type of disease (2002)

Appendix 1-13 Number of reported cases and crime rate of major offenses in 5 countries (1980-2001)

Appendix 1-14 Number of reported cases and crime rate of homicide and larceny in 5 countries (1988-2001)

Appendix 1-15 Clearance rate of major offenses, homicide and larceny in 5 countries (1988-2001)

Appendix 2-1 Number of persons newly received by public prosecutors offices, by type of offense (1993-2002)

Appendix 2-2 Number of persons finally disposed by public prosecutors offices, by type of offense (1993-2002)

Appendix 2-3 Prosecution rate and suspended prosecution rate, by type of offense (1993-2002)

Appendix 2-4 Punishment inflicted by district court, by type of offense (2002)

Appendix 2-5 Average daily number of inmates of penal institutions (1950-2002)

Appendix 2-6 Number of newly imprisoned offenders (excluding inmates awaiting trial) and female rate (1946-2002)

Appendix 2-7 Number of newly imprisoned offenders (excluding inmates awaiting trial), by type of offense (2002)

Appendix 2-8 Number of reimprisoned inmates, by gender and type of offense (2002)

Appendix 2-9 Frequency of imprisonment of newly imprisoned offenders (excluding inmates awaiting trial), by type of offense (2002)

Appendix 2-10 Period of time until repeat offense by reimprisoned inmates, by type of previous offense (2002)

Appendix 2-11 Number of inmates servicing sentence of imprisonment with labor at the end of the year, by term of imprisonment (as of each year-end in 1957-2002)

Appendix 2-12 Number of parole applications, etc. (1949-2002)

Appendix 2-13 Number of newly received probationers and parolees (1949-2002)

Appendix 4-1 Number and rate per population of juveniles and adults cleared for penal code offenses, and juvenile rate (1946-2002)

Appendix 4-2 Number and rate per population of juveniles cleared for general penal code offenses, by age group (1966-2002)

Appendix 4-3 Number of juveniles cleared for general penal code offenses, by age group and type of offense (2002)

Appendix 4-4 Number of juveniles cleared for general penal code offenses, by major type of offenses (1946-2002)

Appendix 4-5 Number of juveniles referred for special law offenses, by type of offense (1956-2002)

Appendix 4-6 Number of status offenders finally disposed by family court, by type of status offense (1969-2002)

Appendix 4-7 Number of juvenile offenders aged 14-19 newly received by public prosecutors offices, by type offense and age group (1997-2002)

Appendix 4-8 Percent distribution of opinions by public prosecutors and final disposals by family courts, by age group (2002)

Appendix 4-9 Number of juveniles finally disposed by family courts for juvenile cases (1975, 1985, 1999-2002)

Appendix 4-10 Number of newly admitted persons and average daily number of inmates in juvenile classification homes (1949-2002)

Appendix 4-11 Number of juveniles newly admitted to juvenile training schools, by gender and treatment programs (1949-2002)

Appendix 4-12 Number of juveniles newly admitted to juvenile training schools, by type of delinquency (1997-2002)