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White paper on crime 2008 — The Circumstances and Attributes of Elderly Offenders and Their Treatment — PREFACE NOTES Part 1 Crime Trends in 2007 Chapter 1 Overview of Penal Code Offenses     Section 1 Principal Data         1 Reported cases and crime rate         2 Persons cleared         3 Clearance rate     Section 2 Trends in Non-traffic Penal Code Offenses Excluding Theft         1 Overview         2 Homicide         3 Robbery         4 Injury, assault and intimidation         5 Fraud, etc.         6 Rape and forcible indecency         7 Damage to property         8 Giving and acceptance of bribes, etc.         9 Organized crime     Section 3 Theft Chapter 2 Overview of Special Act Offenses     Section 1 Principal Data     Section 2 Principal Special Act Offenses         1 Violations of the Minor Offenses Act, etc.         2 Violations of the Waste Management Act, etc.         3 Violations of the Child Welfare Act, etc.         4 Violations of the Stalker Control Act, etc.         5 Violations of the Public Offices Election Act     Section 3 Offenses Related to Newly Established Acts Chapter 3 Overview of Offenses of Various Types     Section 1 Traffic Offenses         1 Trends in traffic offenses         2 Disposition by public prosecutors offices         3 Disposition by courts     Section 2 Financial and Economic Offenses         1 Tax evasion         2 Economic offenses         3 Financial offenses         4 Intellectual property-related offenses         5 Bankruptcy-related offenses         6 Newly established act-related offenses     Section 3 High-Technology Offenses         1 Trends in high-technology offenses         2 Disposition by public prosecutors offices Chapter 4 Comparison of Crime Trends with Other Countries     Section 1 Major Offenses     Section 2 Homicide     Section 3 Theft Chapter 5 Offenses Committed by and against Japanese Nationals Outside Japan     Section 1 Offenses Committed by Japanese Nationals Outside Japan     Section 2 Crime Victimization of Japanese Nationals Outside Japan Part 2 Treatment of Offenders Chapter 1 Overview Chapter 2 Prosecution     Section 1 Reception of Suspected Cases     Section 2 Arrest and Detention of Suspects     Section 3 Dispositions by Public Prosecutors Offices Chapter 3 Trial     Section 1 Final Judgments         1 Defendants with a final judgement         2 The first instance         3 Appeals     Section 2 Sentencing         1 Death penalty and life imprisonment with work         2 Imprisonment with or without work for a definite term         3 Fines     Section 3 Detention and Bail Chapter 4 Correction of Adult Offenders     Section 1 Imprisonment in Penal Institutions         1 Rate of imprisonment of penal institutions         2 Number of inmates of penal institutions         3 Trends in the number of newly admitted sentenced inmates         4 Characteristics of newly admitted sentenced inmates     Section 2 Treatment of Sentenced Inmates, etc.         1 Overview of treatment         2 Work         3 Correctional guidance         4 Medical care and hygiene, etc.         5 Maintenance of discipline and order         6 Appeal system         7 Cooperation from outside volunteers         8 Penal Institution Visiting Committee         9 Provision of information in regard to the release, etc. of sentenced inmates         10 Fine defaulters in workhouses     Section 3 Treatment of Unsentenced Inmates, etc. Chapter 5 Rehabilitation Services     Section 1 Parole         1 Number of parole applications         2 Number of parolees         3 Proportion of served sentence terms before parole         4 Parole of life imprisonment inmates     Section 2 Probation/Parole Supervision         1 Probationers/parolees under supervision         2 Treatment of probationers/parolees         3 Measures for probationers/parolees         4 Termination of probation/parole supervision     Section 3 Assistance during Supervision and Urgent Aftercare of Discharged Offenders         1 Assistance during supervision and urgent aftercare of discharged offenders         2 Halfway houses     Section 4 Pardon     Section 5 Nongovernmental Support Organizations and Crime Prevention Activities         1 Nongovernmental support organizations         2 Crime prevention activities Chapter 6 International Cooperation in Criminal Justice     Section 1 Trends in International Efforts in Criminal Justice         1 Measures against transnational organized crimes         2 Measures against terrorism and money laundering         3 Measures taken by the G8 Justice and Home Affairs Ministerial Meeting         4 Measures against drug-related offenses         5 Measures against crimes involving children         6 Measures against bribery and corruption         7 Measures against cybercrime         8 Transfer of sentenced persons         9 The International Criminal Court     Section 2 Transnational Fugitives and Their Extradition         1 Transnational fugitives from Japan         2 Extradition of fugitive offenders     Section 3 International Assistance in Investigation and Justice         1 Assistance in investigation, etc.         2 Judicial assistance     Section 4 Training Cooperation and Legal System Development Support, etc. in the field of Criminal Justice         1 Training cooperation, etc. at UNAFEI         2 Legal technical assistance Part 3 Trends in Offenses by Specific Offenders and Their Treatment Chapter 1 Foreign National Offenders     Section 1 Trends of Foreign Nationals Entering Japan         1 Newly entering foreign nationals         2 Foreign nationals who are illegally overstaying         3 Deportation     Section 2 Trends in Crimes         1 Penal code offenses         2 Special act offenses     Section 3 Treatment         1 Disposition by public prosecutors offices         2 Disposition by courts         3 Correction         4 Probation/parole supervision Chapter 2 Offenders related to Boryokudan (Organized Crime Groups)     Section 1 Trends in Boryokudan Members     Section 2 Trends in Crimes         1 Penal code offenses and special act offenses         2 Firearm offenses     Section 3 Treatment         1 Dispositions by public prosecutors offices         2 Correction         3 Probation/parole supervision Chapter 3 Drug Offenders     Section 1 Trends in Crimes         1 Stimulants Control Act violations         2 Narcotics and Psychotropic Control Act violations, etc.         3 Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Act violations     Section 2 Crackdown         1 Seizure of stimulants, etc.         2 Implementation of the Act on Special Provisions for Narcotics     Section 3 Treatment         1 Disposition by public prosecutors offices         2 Disposition by courts         3 Correction         4 Probation/parole supervision Chapter 4 Offenders with Mental Disorder     Section 1 Trends in Crimes     Section 2 Status of Criminal Proceedings         1 Disposition by public prosecutors offices and courts         2 Correction         3 Probation/parole supervision     Section 3 The Act on Medical Care and Treatment for Insane Persons, etc.         1 Hearings pertaining to public prosecutor's application         2 Medical care by hospitalization         3 Hearings pertaining to discharge or continuation of hospitalization         4 Treatment in local communities Chapter 5 Repeat Offenders     Section 1 Clearance         1 Repeat offenders among persons cleared for non-traffic penal code offenses         2 Previously convicted persons among adults cleared for non-traffic penal code offenses     Section 2 Public Prosecution and Trial         1 Previously convicted persons among those prosecuted         2 Revocation of suspension of execution of sentence     Section 3 Correction     Section 4 Probation/Parole Supervision Part 4 Trends in Juvenile Delinquency and Treatment of Juvenile Delinquents Chapter 1 Trends in Juvenile Delinquency         1 Juvenile delinquency         2 Juvenile delinquents     Section 1 Juvenile Penal Code Offenders         1 Number of juveniles cleared         2 Trends by attribute         3 Trends by type of offense         4 Complicity cases     Section 2 Juvenile Special Act Offenders         1 Number of juveniles referred by the police         2 Drug offenses         3 Traffic offenses     Section 3 Pre-delinquents     Section 4 Delinquency at Home and School         1 Family violence         2 Violence in schools         3 Bullying and delinquency Chapter 2 Treatment of Juvenile Delinquents     Section 1 Overview         1 Flow of procedures until referred to a family court         2 Flow of procedure at a family court         3 Flow of treatment procedure pertaining to protective measures         4 Flow of treatment procedure pertaining to criminal disposition     Section 2 Disposition of Juvenile Cases by Public Prosecutors Offices and Courts         1 Disposition by public prosecutors offices         2 Juvenile hearing         3 Criminal trial     Section 3 Classification at Juvenile Classification Homes         1 Admission and discharge         2 Classification activities     Section 4 Treatment of Delinquents in Juvenile Training Schools         1 Juveniles newly admitted to juvenile training schools         2 Treatment of juveniles in juvenile training schools         3 Juveniles who are discharged     Section 5 Treatment of Juvenile Prisoners         1 Number and characteristics of juvenile prisoners         2 Outline of treatment of juvenile prisoners     Section 6 Probation/Parole Supervision for Juveniles         1 Juvenile probationers/juvenile training school parolees         2 Treatment of juvenile probationers/juvenile training school parolees         3 Termination of probation/parole supervision     Section 7 Trends and Treatment of Foreign National Juvenile Delinquents         1 Trends in foreign national juvenile offenders         2 Treatment of foreign national juvenile delinquents Part 5 Crime Victims Chapter 1 Actual Conditions of Crime Victims     Section 1 Damage by Crime in Official Statistics         1 Number of offenses involving human victims         2 Fatal and bodily damage         3 Property damage         4 Damage caused by sexual offenses         5 Relationship between victims and suspects         6 Juvenile crime victims     Section 2 Crime Victimization Survey         1 Introduction         2 Results of the third survey         3 Fear of crime/security precautions/awareness of public safety in Japan Chapter 2 Consideration for Victims in Criminal Justice     Section 1 Involvement of Victims in Criminal Proceedings         1 Grievance system against non-prosecution         2 Victim protection, etc. in public trials         3 System of notification to complainants and victims         4 Enhanced consideration for victims in juvenile cases         5 Victim adviser system         6 Measures for victims, etc. in rehabilitation services         7 Crime victim support services by Houterasu     Section 2 Compensation for Crime Victims, etc.         1 Crime victim benefits system         2 Benefits allowance system for recovery from damage         3 Dividends payment system for recovery from damage         4 Automobile liability insurance systems Part 6 Criminal Justice System Reform     Section 1 Introduction     Section 2 Saiban-in (Lay Judge) System         1 Summary of Saiban-in system         2 Trends in cases to be covered by Saiban-in trials     Section 3 Activities of Houterasu     Section 4 Development of the Court-Appointed Defense Counsel System Part 7 The Circumstances and Attributes of Elderly Offenders and Their Treatment Chapter 1 Introduction         1 Increase in the number of elderly offenders and current status of the aging society in Japan         2 Current status with elderly offenders         3 Necessity for research on elderly offenders         4 Summary of past research (1984 and 1991 White Paper on Crime)         5 Structure of this part Chapter 2 Trends, etc. with Elderly Offenders     Section 1 Clearance         1 Number of persons cleared for non-traffic penal code offenses         2 Trends by type of offense     Section 2 Prosecution         1 Number of persons disposed         2 Prosecution         3 Suspension of prosecution     Section 3 Trials     Section 4 Correction         1 Newly admitted inmates         2 Released inmates     Section 5 Probation/parole Supervision         1 Changes in the number of elderly offenders         2 Concrete image of elderly parolees     Section 6 Elderly Victims         1 Elderly victims and their ratio         2 Elderly victim rate by age group Chapter 3 Circumstances and Attributes of Elderly Offenders     Section 1 Analysis Based on Computerized Criminal Records         1 Introduction         2 Summary of research subjects and research subjects of elderly offenders         3 Elderly non-repeat/repeat offenders and their age at the time of committing offenses         4 Characteristics of offenses by elderly offenders     Section 2 Special Research         1 Attributes, etc. of elderly offenders         2 Theft         3 Injury/assault         4 Homicide Chapter 4 Elderly Inmates and Probationers/Parolees     Section 1 Actual Situation with Treatment of Elderly Inmates         1 Summary of treatment of elderly inmates         2 Work of elderly inmates         3 Disciplinary punishment of elderly inmates         4 Status of medical care, etc. for elderly inmates         5 Consciousness of elderly inmates         6 Conclusion     Section 2 Actual Situation with Treatment of Elderly Probationers/Parolees         1 Attributes, etc. of elderly probationers/parolees         2 Acceptors and other issues of elderly probationers/parolees         3 Conclusion Chapter 5 Trends and Treatment of Elderly Offenders in Foreign Countries     Section 1 Trends with Elderly Offenders         1 Number of persons cleared/convicted/imprisoned by age group         2 Elderly rates and rate per population (elderly) of persons cleared/convicted/imprisoned in each country         3 Number of elderly offenders by type of offense in each country     Section 2 Treatment of Elderly Offenders         1 Republic of Korea         2 Germany Chapter 6 Conclusion     Section 1 Cause and Background of Increase in Elderly Offenders         1 Characteristics of recent elderly offenders revealed by special research, etc.         2 Cause/background of increase in number of elderly offenders         3 Analyzing factors for the increase in number of elderly offenders by major type of offense     Section 2 Measures According to the Characteristics of Elderly Offenders         1 Responding to various types of elderly offenders         2 Theft (need measures and guidance responding to criminal tendencies)         3 Injury/assault (identification and differentiated treatment of occasional offenders and habitual offenders)         4 Homicide (elimination of risk factors through various measures for elderly mainly utilizing welfare)         5 Necessity of comprehensive measures according to the characteristics and needs of elderly offenders     Section 3 Conclusion Appendix Appendix 1-1  Number of reported cases, crime rate, number of cleared cases, clearance rate, and number of persons cleared for penal code offenses (1946–2007) Appendix 1-2  Number of reported cases, number of cleared cases, and number of persons cleared for penal code offenses, by type of major offense (1998–2007) Appendix 1-3  Clearance rate of penal code offenses, by type of major offense (1998–2007) Appendix 1-4  Number of persons newly received by public prosecutors offices for special act offenses (1998–2007) Appendix 1-5  Number of traffic accidents, number of persons killed or injured, and rate of accidents (1946–2007) Appendix 1-6  Term of imprisonment with work sentenced for financial and economic offenses in the court of first instance (2005–2007) Appendix 1-7  Number of reported cases and crime rate of major offenses in five countries (1980–2006) Appendix 1-8  Number of reported cases and crime rate of homicide and theft in five countries (1988–2006) Appendix 1-9  Clearance rate of major offenses, homicide and theft in five countries (1988–2006) Appendix 2-1  Number of persons newly received by public prosecutors offices, by type of offense (1991–2007) Appendix 2-2  Number of persons finally disposed by public prosecutors, by type of offense (1998–2007) Appendix 2-3  Prosecution rate and suspended prosecution rate, by type of offense (2002–2007) Appendix 2-4  Sentences in district courts, by type of offense (2007) Appendix 2-5  Average daily number of inmates of penal institutions (1950–2007) Appendix 2-6  Number of newly admitted inmates, by sex and type of offense (2007) Appendix 2-7  Number of reimprisoned inmates, by sex and type of offense (2007) Appendix 2-8  Frequency of imprisonment of newly admitted inmates, by type of offense (2007) Appendix 2-9  Term of recidivism of reimprisoned inmates, by type of previous offense (2007) Appendix 2-10  Number of inmates serving sentence of imprisonment with work at the end of the year, by term of imprisonment (As of December 31 each year in 1957–2007) Appendix 2-11  Number of parole applications, grants, and rejections (1949–2007) Appendix 2-12  Number of newly received probationers and parolees (1949–2007) Appendix 3-1  Number of cleared cases and persons cleared for non-traffic penal code offenses committed by foreign nationals (1980–2007) Appendix 3-2  Number of referred cases and persons referred for special act offenses committed by foreign nationals (1980–2007) Appendix 3-3  Number of foreign nationals finally disposed by public prosecutors offices (1990–2007) Appendix 3-4  Newly admitted Class F inmates by nationality and region (2005–2007) Appendix 3-5  Number of newly received foreign probationers and parolees by nationality, etc. (2005–2007) Appendix 3-6  Number of persons finally disposed by public prosecutors offices for drug offenses (1998–2007) Appendix 4-1  Number and rate per population of juveniles and adults cleared for penal code offenses, and juvenile rate (1946–2007) Appendix 4-2  Number and rate per population of juveniles cleared for non-traffic penal code offenses by age group (1966–2007) Appendix 4-3  Number of juveniles cleared for penal code offenses, by type of major offense (1946–2007) Appendix 4-4  Number of juveniles of illegal behavior guided for non-traffic penal code offenses, by type of major delinquency (1946–2007) Appendix 4-5  Number of juveniles cleared for non-traffic penal code offenses, by sex, age group, and type of offense (2007) Appendix 4-6  Number of juveniles referred from police to public prosecutors offices for special act offenses, by type of offense (1956–2007) Appendix 4-7   Number of pre-delinquents finally disposed by family court, by type of pre-delinquency (1969–2007) Appendix 4-8  Number of juvenile offenders aged 14–19 newly received by public prosecutors offices, by type of major offense and age group (2002–2007) Appendix 4-9  Percent ratio of opinions by public prosecutors and final dispositions by family courts, by age group of juvenile offenders (2007) Appendix 4-10  Number of juveniles finally disposed by family courts for juvenile cases (1975, 1985, 2003–2007) Appendix 4-11  Number of newly admitted persons and average daily number of inmates in juvenile classification homes (1949–2007) Appendix 4-12  Number of juveniles newly admitted to juvenile training schools, by sex and treatment programs (1949–2007) Appendix 4-13  Number of juveniles newly admitted to juvenile training schools, by type of delinquency (2001–2007) Appendix 6-1  Chronological Table of “Criminal Justice System Reform”