The current challenges for the adult correctional system in Japan can be roughly divided into two;those arising from quantitative reasons such as constant prison overcrowding and those from qualitative reasons such as change in the nature of convicted prisoners.As outlined in Chapter2,the Japanese correctional scheme has not been aiming at mere deprivation of freedom of prisoners but also to encourage them,through the execution of sentence,to reform and reintegrate them into society.Worsening prison overcrowding and changes in the nature of convicted prisoners pose various challenges for the efforts for effective and efficient treatment of offenders.